Spatial patterns refer to the distribution of features or phenomena across a geographic area. This research area focuses on analyzing and interpreting the spatial relationships, patterns, and trends in data, such as identifying clusters, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial heterogeneity. It often involves the use of spatial analysis techniques, GIS technology, and statistical methods to uncover insights into how different factors are distributed across space and how they interact with each other. Research in this area can have applications in various fields such as urban planning, environmental science, epidemiology, and economics.